Surveying Duality in Space

Volume II, Europe-Eurasia Workshop Insights on Developing, Deploying, and Governing Dual-Use Space Systems

Mélusine Lebret, James Black, Krystyna Marcinek, Anca Agachi, Bruce McClintock, David Glickstein

Expert InsightsPublished Feb 3, 2026

In early 2025, RAND launched a three-year effort to examine dual-use space systems—those capable of performing both civilian and military operations. The project began with a baseline report analyzing national approaches to developing, deploying, and governing these systems, followed by three regional workshops in the Americas, Europe-Eurasia, and the Indo-Pacific to fill gaps and further contextualize findings. These proceedings focus solely on the Europe-Eurasia workshop, which was held virtually on June 18, 2025, and convened 15 space stakeholders from Europe and the Middle East across government, private, and research sectors, as well as additional experts on Russia’s space sector who were interviewed after the workshop.

These proceedings articulate key themes summarizing participant insights, emphasizing the lack of shared definitions, the role of economic and strategic factors underpinning system development and use, and regional preferences for norms-setting and regional cooperation over formal treaties or bans. Findings from the baseline report and workshops will inform recommendations to the international community for establishing a global governance regime for dual-use space systems.

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Lebret, Mélusine, James Black, Krystyna Marcinek, Anca Agachi, Bruce McClintock, and David Glickstein, Surveying Duality in Space: Volume II, Europe-Eurasia Workshop Insights on Developing, Deploying, and Governing Dual-Use Space Systems. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2026. https://www.rand.org/pubs/conf_proceedings/CFA4003-2.html.
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